More info about Hezbollah
Main article: Hezbollah political activities Lebanon’s majority Shi’a areas, where Hezbollah is most prominent.
Hezbollah alongside with Amal is one of two major political parties in Lebanon that represent the Shiite Muslims. It holds 14 of the 128 seats in Lebanon's Parliament and is a member of the Resistance and Development Bloc. According to Daniel L. Byman, it's "the most powerful single political movement in Lebanon." [68]
Hezbollah, along with the Amal Movement, represents most of Lebanese Shi'a.[69] However, unlike Amal, Hezbollah has not disarmed. Hezbollah participates in the Parliament of Lebanon. In the general election of 2005, it won 10.9% of parliamentary seats. The Resistance and Development Bloc, of which Hezbollah is a member, won all 23 seats in Southern Lebanon, and in total, 35 seats, or 27.3% of parliamentary seats nationwide.[70] When municipal elections were held in the first half of 2004, Hezbollah won control of 21% of the municipalities.[35]
Hezbollah has been one the main parties of March 8 Alliance since polarization of political atmosphere of Lebanon in March 2005. Although Hezbollah had joined the new government in 2005, it remained staunchly opposed to the March 14 Alliance.[71] In November 2006, Hezbollah, the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), and the Amal Movement jointly demanded the establishment of a "national unity government",[72][73] in which they demanded early elections and one third of the Cabinet seats; effectively, veto power.[74][75] When negotiations with the ruling coalition failed, five Cabinet Ministers from Hezbollah and Amal resigned their positions. On December 1, 2006, these groups began the 2006–2008 Lebanese political protests, an ongoing series of protests and sit-ins in opposition to the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.[76][77] Finally, on May 7, 2008 Lebanon's 17-month long political crisis spiraled out of control. The fighting was sparked by a government move to shut down Hezbollah's telecommunication network and remove Beirut Airport's security chief over alleged ties to Hezbollah. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah said the government's decision to declare the group's military telecommunications network illegal was a "declaration of war" on the organization, and demanded that the government revoke it.[78][79] Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several West Beirut neighborhoods from Future Movement militiamen loyal to the American-backed government, in street battles that left 11 dead and 30 wounded. The opposition-seized areas were then handed over to the Lebanese Army.[80] The army also pledged to resolve the dispute and has reversed the decisions of the government by letting Hezbollah preserve its telecoms network and re-instating the airport's security chief.[81][82] At the end, rival Lebanese leaders reached consensus over Doha Agreement on May 21 2008, to end the 18-month political feud that exploded into fighting and nearly drove the country to a new civil war.[83] On the basis of this agreement, Hezbollah was granted veto power in Lebanon's parliament. At the end of the conflicts, National unity government was formed by Fouad Siniora on July 11, 2008 and Hezbollah has one minister and controls eleven of thirty seats in the cabinet.[84][4]
Military activities Main article: Hezbollah military activitiesHezbollah has a military branch known as Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Resistance") and is the possible sponsor of a number of lesser-known militant groups, some of which may be little more than fronts for Hezbollah itself, including the Organization of the Oppressed, the Revolutionary Justice Organization, the Organization of Right Against Wrong, and Followers of the Prophet Muhammad.[85][86]
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 called for the disarmament of militia[87] with the Taif agreement at the end of the Lebanese civil war. Hezbollah denounced, and protested against, the resolution.[88] The 2006 military conflict with Israel has increased the controversy. Failure to disarm remains a violation of the resolution and agreement according to the Israeli Government.[89] Since then both Israel and Hezbollah have asserted that the organization has gained in military strength[12]. Most of the Shia consider Hezbollah's weaponry a necessary and justified element of resistance, while less than half of the other religious communities support the idea that Hezbollah should keep its weapons after the 2006 Lebanon war.[90] The Lebanese cabinet, under president Michel Suleiman and Prime Minister Fouad Siniora, guidelines state that Hezbollah enjoys the right to "liberate occupied lands."[91]
Accusations of suicide attacks and kidnappings See also: Lebanon hostage crisisHezbollah has been accused of committing a number of attacks and kidnappings.[92][93][94] Between 1982 and 1986, in the midst of the Lebanese Civil War, 36 suicide attacks were made in Lebanon against American, French, Lebanese, and Israeli targets by 41 people of different religions and political ideologies, killing 659 people.[95][19] Hezbollah has been accused of some or all of these attacks, but responsibility is disputed, and Hezbollah has denied being involved in any of them.[96][97][98] These attacks included the April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing,[99] the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing,[92][94][99] and a spate of attacks on IDF troops and SLA militiamen in southern Lebanon.[19] The period also saw the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 in 1985,[92] and the Lebanon hostage crisis from 1982 to 1992.[94] More recently, Hezbollah has been accused of the January 15, 2008, bombing of a U.S. Embassy vehicle in Beirut.[citation needed]
Outside of Lebanon, Hezbollah has been accused of the 1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires,[92][94] and the 1994 AMIA bombing of a Jewish cultural centre, both in Argentina.[92] According to Nasrallah, however, Hezbollah refused any participation in operations outside Lebanese and Israeli lands before 2008.[100]
Conflict with Israel South Lebanon conflict Main article: South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) A house in Beirut, near Rafik Hariri International Airport, destroyed after air bombardment during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war.Hezbollah has been involved in several cases of armed conflict with Israel:
During the 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict, Hezbollah waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon. It ended with Israeli withdrawal in accordance with 1978's United Nations Security Council Resolution 425.[101] With the collapse of their supposed allies, the SLA, and the rapid advance of Hezbollah forces, they withdrew suddenly on May 24, 2000 six weeks before the announced 7 July."[25] Hezbollah held a victory parade, and its popularity in Lebanon rose.[102] On July 25, 1993, following the killing of seven Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon, Israel launched Operation Accountability (known in Lebanon as the Seven Day War), during which the IDF carried out their heaviest artillery and air attacks on targets in southern Lebanon since 1982. The declared aim of the operation was to eradicate the threat posed by Hezbollah and to force the civilian population north to Beirut so as to put pressure on the Lebanese Government to repress Hezbollah. The fighting ended when an unwritten understanding was agreed to by the warring parties. Apparently, the 1993 understanding provided that Hezbollah combatants would not fire rockets at northern Israel, while Israel would not attack civilians or civilian targets in Lebanon.[103] In April 1996, the Israeli armed forces launched Operation Grapes of Wrath, which was intended to wipe out Hezbollah's base in southern Lebanon. Over 100 Lebanese refugees were killed by the shelling of a UN base at Qana, in what the Israeli military said was a mistake.[104] Finally, following several days of negotiations, the two sides signed the Grapes of Wrath Understandings on April 26, 1996. A cease-fire was agreed upon between Israel and Hezbollah, which would be effective on April 27, 1996. Both sides agreed that civilians should not be targeted, which meant that Hezbollah would be allowed to continue its military activities against IDF forces inside Lebanon.[35][105] 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid Main article: 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raidOn October 7, 2000, three Israeli soldiers – Adi Avitan, Staff Sgt. Benyamin Avraham, and Staff Sgt. Omar Sawaidwere – were abducted by Hezbollah while patrolling the Israeli side of the Israeli-Lebanese border.[106] The soldiers were killed either during the attack or in its immediate aftermath.[107][108] Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz has, however, claimed that Hezbollah abducted the soldiers and then killed them.[109][110] The bodies of the slain soldiers were exchanged for Lebanese prisoners in 2004.[111]
2006 Lebanon War Main article: 2006 Lebanon War Hezbollah's desire for Israeli prisoners that could be exchanged with Israel led to Hezbollah's abduction of Israeli soldiers, which triggered the 2006 Lebanon War.[112] The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. The conflict started on July 12, 2006, and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006. Hezbollah was responsible for thousands of Katyusha rocket attacks against Israeli civilian towns and cities in northern Israel,[93] in which Hezbollah said those attacks were retaliation for Israel's killing of civilians and targeting the Lebanese infrastructure.[113] The conflict began when Hezbollah militants fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an anti-tank missile attack on two armored Humvees patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence, killing three, injuring two, and seizing two Israeli soldiers.[114] According to The Guardian, "In the fighting 1,200 Lebanese and 158 Israelis were killed. Of the dead almost 1,000 Lebanese and 41 Israelis were civilians."[115] Armed strength A sign erected after the 2006 Israeli-Lebanon war in South Lebanon which says the main advice is maintaining resistance See also: Hezbollah armed strengthHezbollah has not revealed its armed strength. It has been estimated by Mustafa Alani, security director at the Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre, that Hezbollah's military force is made up of about 1,000 full-time Hezbollah members, along with a further 6,000-10,000 volunteers.[116]
Hezbollah possesses the Katyusha-122 rocket, which has a range of 29 km (18 mi) and carries a 15-kg (33-lb) warhead. Hezbollah also possesses about 100 long-range missiles. They include the Iranian-made Fajr-3 and Fajr-5, the latter with a range of 75 km (47 mi), enabling it to strike the Israeli port of Haifa, and the Zelzal-1, with an estimated 150 km (93 mi) range, which can reach Tel Aviv. Fajr-3 missiles have a range of 40 km (25 mi) and a 45-kg (99-lb) warhead, and Fajr-5 missiles, which extend to 72 km (45 mi), also hold 45-kg (99-lb) warheads.[116]
According to various reports, Hezbollah is armed with anti-tank guided missiles, namely, the Russian-made AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AT-5 Spandrel, AT-13 Saxhorn-2 'Metis-M', АТ-14 Spriggan 'Kornet'; Iranian-made Ra'ad (version of AT-3 Sagger), Towsan (version of AT-5 Spandrel), Toophan (version of BGM-71 TOW); and European-made MILAN missiles. These weapons have been used against IDF soldiers, causing many of the deaths during the 2006 Lebanon War.[117] A small number of Saeghe-2s (Iranian-made version of M47 Dragon) were also used in the war.[118]
For air defense, Hezbollah has anti-aircraft weapons that include the ZU-23 artillery and the man-portable, shoulder-fired SA-7 and SA-18 surface-to-air missile (SAM).[119] One of the most effective weapons deployed by Hezbollah has been the C-802 anti-ship missile.[120]
Targeting policyHezbollah has not been involved in any suicide bombing since Israel withdrew from Lebanon.[121][122] After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Hezbollah condemned Al Qaeda for targeting the civilian World Trade Center, but remained silent on the attack on the The Pentagon, neither favoring nor opposing the act.[6][123] Hezbollah also denounced the Armed Islamic Group massacres in Algeria, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya attacks on tourists in Egypt,[124] and the murder of Nick Berg.[125] In a 2006 interview with the Washington Post, Nasrallah condemned violence against American civilians.[123]
Although Hezbollah has denounced certain attacks on Western civilians, some people accuse the organization of the bombing of an Argentine synagogue in 1994. Argentine prosecutor Alberto Nisman, Marcelo Martinez Burgos, and their "staff of some 45 people"[126] alleged that Hezbollah and their contacts in Iran were responsible for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish cultural center in Argentina, in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured."[127] In June 2002, shortly after the Israeli government launched Operation Defensive Shield, Nasrallah gave a speech in which he defended and praised suicide bombings of Israeli targets by members of Palestinian groups for "creating a deterrence and equalizing fear." Nasrallah stated that "in occupied Palestine, there is no difference between a soldier and a civilian, for they are all invaders, occupiers and usurpers of the land."[6]
Attacks on Hezbollah leaders Imad Mughnieh the commander of Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Resistance") who was assassinated on February 12, 2008Hezbollah has also been the target of bomb attacks and kidnappings. These include:
In the 1985 Beirut car bombing, Hezbollah leader Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah was targeted, but the assassination attempt failed. It has been alleged[128] that the CIA was responsible for this attack. On July 28, 1989, Israeli commandos kidnapped Sheikh Abdul Karim Obeid, the leader of Hezbollah.[129] This action led to the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 638, which condemned all hostage takings by all sides. In 1992, Israeli helicopters attacked a motorcade in southern Lebanon, killing the Hezbollah leader Abbas al-Musawi, his wife, son, and four others.[25] On February 12, 2008, Imad Mughnieh was killed by a car bomb in Damascus, Syria.[130] Media operationsHezbollah operates a satellite television station, Al-Manar TV ("the Lighthouse") and a radio station al-Nour ("the Light").[131] Al-Manar broadcasts from Beirut, Lebanon.[131] The station was launched by Hezbollah in 1991[132] with the help of Iranian funds.[133] Al-Manar, self-proclaimed "Station of the Resistance" (qanat al-muqawama), is a key player in what Hezbollah calls its "psychological warfare against the Zionist enemy"[133][134] and an integral part of Hezbollah's plan to spread its message to the entire Arab world.[133]
Hezbollah's television station Al-Manar airs programming designed to inspire suicide attacks in Gaza, the West Bank, and Iraq.[45][135][136] Al-Manar's transmission in France is prohibited due to promotion of Holocaust denial, a criminal offense in France.[137][138][139] The United States lists Al-Manar television network as a terrorist organization.[140]
Materials aimed at instilling principles of nationalism and Islam in children are an aspect of Hezbollah's media operations.[141] The Hezbollah Central Internet Bureau released a video game in 2003 entitled Special Force, in which players conduct war on Israeli invaders, wherein the winner becomes a national hero on Earth and a martyr in Heaven.[142]
Social servicesHezbollah also organizes extensive social development programs, running hospitals, news services, and educational facilities. Social services have a central role in the party's programs. Most experts believe that Hezbollah's social and health programs are worth hundreds of millions of dollars annually.[13]
Hezbollah organizes an extensive social development program and runs hospitals, news services, and educational facilities.[13] Some of its established institutions are: Emdad committee for Islamic Charity,[143] Hezbollah Central Press Office, Al Jarha Association,[144] and Jihad Al Binaa Developmental Association.[145] Jihad Al Binna's Reconstruction Campaign is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon.[146][147] Hezbollah has set up a Martyr's Institute (Al-Shahid Social Association), which guarantees to provide living and education expenses for the families of fighters who die in battle.[148] In March 2006, an IRIN news report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted: "Hezbollah not only has armed and political wings - it also boasts an extensive social development program. Hezbollah currently operates at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres that provide farmers with technical assistance and training. It also has an environmental department and an extensive social assistance program. Medical care is also cheaper than in most of the country's private hospitals and free for Hezbollah members".[13]
According to CNN: "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools."[149] In July 2006, during the war with Israel, when there was no running water in Beirut, Hezbollah was arranging supplies around the city. "People here [in South Beirut] see Hezbollah as a political movement and a social service provider as much as it is a militia, in this traditionally poor and dispossessed Shiite community."[149] Also, after the war it competed with the Lebanese government to reconstruct destroyed areas. According to analysts like American University Professor Judith Swain Harik, Jihad al-Binaa has won the initial battle of hearts and minds, in large part because they are the most experienced in Lebanon in the field of reconstruction.[150]
Funding Main article: Funding of HezbollahHezbollah's financial support is a matter of controversy. Critics argue that it is, or has been, massively supported with tens of millions of dollars annually from the Islamic Republic of Iran.[45] Hezbollah maintains that the main source of its income comes from donations by Muslims.[151]
Lebanese Shi’ites often make zakat contributions directly after prayers and an additional donation in a Hezbollah donation box. Hezbollah also receives financial and political assistance, as well as weapons and training, from the Islamic Republic of Iran.[13][14][148] The US estimates that Iran has been giving Hezbollah about US$60-100 million per year in financial assistance.[152]
Hezbollah has relied extensively on funding from the Shi'ite Lebanese Diaspora in West Africa, the United States and, most importantly, the Triple Frontier, or tri-border area, along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.[153] U.S. law enforcement officials charged that smugglers of illegal cigarettes in the United States were funneling millions of dollars to Hezbollah.[154]
Foreign relations Main article: Hezbollah foreign relationsHezbollah has close relations with Iran.[155] It also has ties with the leadership in Syria, specifically with President Hafez al-Assad (until his death in 2000) and his son and successor Bashar al-Assad.[156] Although Hezbollah and Hamas are not organizationally linked, Hezbollah provides military training as well as financial and moral support to the Sunni Palestinian group.[157] Furthermore, Hezbollah is a strong supporter of the ongoing Al-Aqsa Intifada.[6] Whether there has been cooperation or any relationship between Hezbollah and al-Qaeda has been questioned.[158] Hezbollah's leaders deny links to al-Qaeda, present or past.[158][159] Also, some al-Qaeda leaders, like Abu Musab al-Zarqawi[160] and Wahhabi clerics, consider Hezbollah to be apostate.[161][162] But United States intelligence officials speculate that there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures who fled Afghanistan for Lebanon.[158][163][164]
Outside views Public opinion People support of Hezbollah during 2006 Lebanon war; July 29 Rally in Toronto, CanadaIn much of the Arab world, Hezbollah is seen as a legitimate resistance organization that has defended its land against an Israeli occupying force and has consistently stood up to the Israeli army.[6]
According to a poll released by the "Beirut Center for Research and Information" on 26 July during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, 87 percent of Lebanese support Hezbollah's fight with Israel, a rise of 29 percentage points from a similar poll conducted in February. More striking, however, was the level of support for Hezbollah's resistance from non-Shiite communities. Eighty percent of Christians polled supported Hezbollah, along with 80 percent of Druze and 89 percent of Sunnis.[165][166]
In a poll of Lebanese adults taken in 2004, 6% of respondents gave unqualified support to the statement "Hezbollah should be disarmed". 41% reported unqualified disagreement.[167] A poll of Gaza Strip and West Bank residents indicated that 79.6% had "a very good view" of Hezbollah, and most of the remainder had a "good view".[168] Polls of Jordanian adults in December 2005 and June 2006 showed that 63.9% and 63.3%, respectively, considered Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance organization.[169] In the December 2005 poll, only 6% of Jordanian adults considered Hezbollah to be terrorist.[170]
A July 2006 USA Today/Gallup poll found that 83% of the 1,005 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 66% who blamed Israel to some degree. Additionally, 76% disapproved of the military action Hezbollah took in Israel, compared to 38% who disapproved of Israel's military action in Lebanon.[171] A poll in August 2006 by ABC News and the Washington Post found that 68% of the 1,002 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the civilian casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 31% who blamed Israel to some degree.[171] Another August 2006 poll by CNN showed that 69% of the 1,047 Americans polled believed that Hezbollah is unfriendly towards, or an enemy of, the United States.[171]
Designation as a terrorist organization or resistance movementGovernments disagree on Hezbollah’s status as a legitimate political entity, a terrorist group, or both. Throughout most of the Arab and Muslim worlds, Hezbollah is highly regarded as a legitimate resistance movement.[3] Hezbollah's violent acts are categorized by some countries as terrorist attacks, while others regard them as a resistance movement engaged in defense."[172][173]
The countries below have officially listed Hezbollah in at least some part as a terrorist organization.
Australia The Hezbollah External Security Organization [174] Canada The entire organization Hezbollah [175] Israel The entire organization Hezbollah [176][177] Netherlands The entire organization Hezbollah [178][179] United Kingdom The Hezbollah External Security Organization [180] United States The entire organization Hezbollah [181]In 1999, Hezbollah was placed on the US State Department terrorism list. After Hezbollah's condemnation of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the USA, it was removed from the list, but it was later returned to the list.[182] In 2002, US State Department official Christopher Ross was cited as explaining that while "the Hezbollah party and some of its members carried out terrorist acts in the past", "the acts that it carried out against the Israeli forces in South Lebanon were not terrorist acts."[183]
The European Union does not list Hezbollah as a "terrorist organization",[184] but does list the late Imad Mugniyah, a senior member and founder of Hezbollah, as a terrorist.[185][186][187] In addition, on March 10, 2005, the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution recognizing "clear evidence" of "terrorist activities by Hezbollah"[188] and urging the EU Council to brand Hezbollah a terrorist organization and EU governments to place Hezbollah on their terrorist blacklists, as the bloc did with the Palestinian Hamas group in 2003.[188] The Council, however, has been reluctant to do this, because France, Spain, and Britain fear that such a move would further damage the prospects for Middle East peace talks.[188] The EU Council designates the late Imad Mugniyah as a terrorist, claiming he is Hezbollah's "Senior Intelligence Officer".[185][186] In the midst of the 2006 conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, Russia’s government declined to include Hezbollah in a newly-released list of terrorist organizations, with Yuri Sapunov, the head of anti-terrorism for the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, saying that they list only organizations which represent "the greatest threat to the security of our country".[189] Prior to the release of the list, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov called "on Hezbollah to stop resorting to any terrorist methods, including attacking neighboring states."[190]
The Quartet’s fourth member, the United Nations, does not maintain such a list.[191] Human rights organizations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have accused Hezbollah of committing war crimes against Israeli civilians,[192] in which in the same article, they also accused Israel of war crimes but against Lebanese civilians.
Some other countries have criticized Hezbollah, citing terrorist activities, without maintaining such a list. Argentine prosecutors hold Hezbollah and their financial supporters in Iran responsible for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish cultural center, described by the Associated Press as "the worst terrorist attack on Argentine soil", in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured."[127] On 24 February 2000, French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin condemned attacks by Hezbollah fighters on Israeli forces in south Lebanon, saying they are "terrorism" and not acts of resistance. "France condemns Hezbollah's attacks, and all types of terrorist attacks which may be carried out against soldiers, or possibly Israel's civilian population."[193] On August 29, 2006, Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D'Alema differentiated the wings of Hezbollah: "Apart from their well-known terrorist activities, they also have political standing and are socially engaged."[194][195] Germany does not maintain an independent national list of terrorist organizations, choosing instead to adopt the common EU list; however, German officials indicate that they would likely support a designation of Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.[196]
In contrast, supporters of Hezbollah justify Hezbollah's attacks against Israel on several grounds. Firstly, Hezbollah justifies its operations against Israel as reciprocal to Israeli operations against Lebanese civilians and as retaliation for Israel's occupation of Lebanese territory.[172][197][198] Many of these attacks took place while Israel occupied the southern part of Lebanon and held it as a security zone in spite of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425. Although Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their complete withdrawal was verified by the United Nations, Lebanon now considers the Shebaa farms—a 26-km² (10-mi²) piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be disputed territory between Syria and Israel—to be Lebanese territory. Additionally, Hezbollah has identified three Lebanese prisoners held in Israeli jails who it wants released.[199] Finally, Hezbollah and others among the Muslim world consider Israel to be an illegitimate state. For these reasons, many in the Arab world consider acts performed by Hezbollah against Israel to be justified as acts of defensive Jihad.[200] Although some Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia) have condemned Hezbollah's actions, saying that "the Arabs and Muslims can't afford to allow an irresponsible and adventurous organization like Hezbollah to drag the region to war" and calling it "dangerous adventurism,"[201] Hezbollah is regarded as a legitimate resistance movement throughout much of Lebanese society and the Arab and Muslim world.[3] In August 2008, Lebanon's cabinet completed a policy statement which recognized "the right of Lebanon's people, army, and resistance to liberate the Israeli-occupied Shebaa Farms, Kafar Shuba Hills, and the Lebanese section of Ghajar village, and defend the country using all legal and possible means." [202]
See also Israel-Lebanon conflict 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict 2006–2007 Lebanese political protests 2008 unrest in Lebanon History of Lebanon Foreign relations of Lebanon Politics of Lebanon AMIA bombing United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 Al-Mahdi Scouts Footnotes ^ Other transliterations include Hizbullah, Hizbollah, Hezballah, Hizballah, Hisbollah, and Hizb Allah. ^ In English the stress is most commonly placed on the final syllable, as suggested in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (this is in accord with the Persian pronunciation, of Iran); in the Arabic of Hezbollah's theatre of operations it is most commonly placed on the second syllable. Hizb (party) is the Modern Standard Arabic pronunciation, and hezb is closer to Persian and Lebanese dialect. The name is derived from a Qur’anic ayat (verse) referring to those who belong to and follow the "party of God" [1]. ^ a b c d e f Jamail, Dahr (2006-07-20). "Hezbollah's transformation". Asia Times. Retrieved on 2007-10-23. ^ a b "Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)". Council on Foreign Relations (2008-09-13). Retrieved on 2008-09-15. ^ a b c d "Who are Hezbollah". BBC News (2008-05-21). Retrieved on 2008-08-15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Adam Shatz (April 29, 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved on 2006-08-14. ^ a b c d e f author unknown. "The Hizballah Program" (PDF). provided by standwithus. com (StandWithUs). Retrieved on 2007-10-29. ^ a b Stalinsky, Steven. "An Islamic Republic Is Hezbollah's Aim." The New York Sun. 2 August 2006. 1 November 2007. ^ EU lawmakers label Hizbollah 'terrorist’ group ^ Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion ^ "Huge Beirut protest backs Syria." BBC News. 8 March 2005. 7 February 2007. ^ a b Frykberg, MelL (2008-08-29). "Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm", Middle East Times. Retrieved on 2008-08-29. "And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength." ^ a b c d e UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2006-03-29). "LEBANON: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah". Retrieved on 2006-08-17. ^ a b Iranian official admits Tehran supplied missiles to Hezbollah ^ Deeb, Lara (2006-07-31). "Hizballah: A Primer". Middle East Report. Retrieved on 2006-07-31. ^ GlobalSecurity.org, 2005 ^ Diaz & Newman, 2005, p. 55 ^ Helena Cobban, Boston Review Hizbullah’s New Face Accessed August 14, 2006 ^ a b c Pape, Robert (2005). Dying to win: the strategic logic of suicide terrorism. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6317-5. Specifically: "Suicide Terrorist Campaigns, 1980-2003", Appendix 1. (Page 253 of Australian paperback edition, published by Scribe Publications) ^ Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary, Hezbollah Definition ^ Hezbollah – the real story ^ "Israelis Held by the Hizbullah" (in English), Israel MFA. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. ^ a b H. CON. RES. 190, 1st session, 101st congress (1989-08-04). "Expressing the sense of the Congress over the reported murder of Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins and Hezbollah-sponsored terrorism.". The Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2006-08-08. ^ Telegraph, 2004/2/21 ^ a b c d e f "Timeline: Lebanon". BBC News (2008-07-19). ^ United States Department of State, April 2005. ^ "On this day" (in English), BBC News (1994-07-26). Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ See: "2000: Hezbollah celebrates Israeli retreat". BBC News (2000-05-26). Retrieved on 2006-07-25. "Hezbollah flag raised as Israeli troops withdraw from southern Lebanon". CNN (2000-05-24). Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Ted Koppel on NPR report: Lebanon's Hezbollah Ties. All Things Considered, July 13, 2006. ^ Qassem, (2005) page 39 ^ Wright, Robin (2006-07-13). "Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread". Washington Post. ^ US Department of State Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations Accessed August 15, 2006 ^ "Lebanese prime minister: There will be no coup." CNN.com. 30 November 2006. 30 November 2006 ^ Staying the Course: the "Lebanonization" of Hizbollah - the integration of an Islamist movement into a pluralist political system ^ a b c Cobban, Helena "Hizbullah’s New Face." Boston Review. Accessed February 2, 2007. Originally published in the April/May 2005 issue of Boston Review. ^ United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999 Letter dated 25 January 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General Accessed August 17, 2006 ^ The Brunswickan Online. "Hizbollah promises Israel a blood-filled new year, Iran calls for Israel's end". (Student newspaper) ^ Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada Listed Entities - Hizballah Accessed July 31, 2006 ^ "Said Hassan Nasrallah Q&A: What Hezbollah Will Do", The Washington Post (February 20, 2000). Retrieved on 2006-08-08. ^ Interview in July 1985, quoted in Martin Kramer, `The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayiid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, Part II, in Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East, ed. R. Scott Appleby (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1997), p.8 ^ Saad-Ghrayeb, 2002, pp. 151-154 ^ Joshua Mitnick. Behind the dispute over Shebaa Farms, Christian Science Monitor, August 22, 2006. ^ Flashpoint farmland , The Guardian, May 10, 2006. ^ "Central to this issue is Hizballah’s claim, which was also espoused by Lebanon’s former pro-Syrian government, that the disputed Shebaa Farms are Lebanese rather than Syrian territories and are occupied by Israel. Therefore, Hizballah maintains that it is a legitimate resistance movement fighting for the liberation of Lebanese territory. Under this pretext, Hizballah, supported by some Lebanese parties, could argue that it is not a militia and thus it is outside the jurisdiction of Resolution 1559." Robert Rabil. Reinforcing Lebanon’s Sovereignty, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, November 8, 2005. ^ a b c "IN THE PARTY OF GOD Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg", The New Yorker (October 14, 2002). Retrieved on 2007-03-03. ^ "The Best American Magazine Writing 2003" By American Society of Magazine Editors, Contributor David Remnick, Published by HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 0060567759, 9780060567750, 464 pages, Page 88 ^ ""Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words"" (in English). CAMERA (2006-07-26). ^ "Israel's National Security: Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War" By Efraim Inbar, Published by Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0415449553, 9780415449557, 281 pages, Page 229 ^ ""Fact file: Hassan Nasrallah - Leader of Shiite terrorist organization, Hizbullah"" (in English). YNET (2006-07-31). ^ Bruce Hoffman in "Homeland Security and Terrorism: Readings and Interpretations" By Russell D. Howard, James J. F. Forest, Joanne C. Moore, Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006, ISBN 0071452826, 9780071452823, 400 pages, Page 64 (Chapter 5 "The logic of suicide terrorism") ^ Arie W. Kruglanski in "Tangled Roots: Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism" By Jeffrey Ivan Victoroff, NATO Public Diplomacy Division, Contributor Jeffrey Ivan Victoroff, Published by IOS Press, 2006, ISBN 158603670X, 9781586036706, 477 pages, Pages 68-69 (Chapter 4, "The psychology of terrorism: "Syndrom" versus "Tool" perspectives") ^ "The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program" By Joseph Elie Alagha, Published by Amsterdam University Press, 2006, ISBN 9053569103, 9789053569108, 380 pages, Page 53 ^ Hersh, Seymour (2003-07-18). "The Syrian Bet", The New Yorker. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. ^ Macvicar, Sheila (March 16, 2003). "Interview With Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah", CNN. Retrieved on 2006-08-01. ^ "The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program" By Joseph Elie Alagha, Published by Amsterdam University Press, 2006, ISBN 9053569103, 9789053569108, 380 pages, Page 188 ^ "JCPA Middle East Briefing: Hezbollah". United Jewish Communities. 14 February 2008. ^ Sciolino, Elaine. "French Court Delays Decision on Hezbollah-Run TV Channel." The New York Times 12 December 2004. 14 February 2008. ^ Carvajal, Doreen. "French Court Orders a Ban on hezbollah-Run TV Channel." The New York Times. 14 December 2004. 14 February 2008. ^ Block, Melissa. "'New Yorker' Writer Warns of Hezbollah's Radicalism." National Public Radio. 16 August 2006. 16 February 2008. ^ Sciolino, Elaine. " A New French Headache: When Is Hate on TV Illegal?" The New York Times. 9 December 2004. 16 February 2008. ^ "Anti-Semitic Series Airs on Arab Television." ADL. 9 January 2004. 16 February 2008. ^ "Urge President Chirac to Block Hezbollah's Antisemitic and Hate TV." Simon Wiesenthal Center. 21 May 2008. ^ "UN Human Rights High Commissioner Admits to Wiesenthal Center Delegation ... 'Hezbollah Deliberately Targeted Israeli Civilians.'" Simon Wiesenthal Center. 19 September 2006. 22 May 2008. ^ Brown, Roy. "Hezbollah attacks IHEU speaker." International Humanist and Ethical Union. 25 September 2006. 22 May 2008. ^ al-Nahar al-Arabi walduwali, 10-16 June 1985; and La Revue du Liban, 27 July-3 August 1985. quoted in Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.41 ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 64 ^ a b c Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.45 ^ "Hezbollah: Most Powerful Political Movement in Lebanon". Council on Foreign Relations (2008-05-29). Retrieved on 2006-09-15. ^ Seelye, Kate (2005-04-01). "Lebanon's religious mix". PBS Frontline World. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. ^ Lebanon: Angus Reid Global Monitor ^ The Counter-revolution of the Cedars ^ "Nasrallah Warns of 'Street Demonstrations' if National Unity Government is not Formed" ^ "Aoun calls for national unity government" ^ San Francisco Chronicle (December 15, 2006). "In Lebanon, Saniora stiffens his resistance". Retrieved December 18, 2006. ^ Reuters (December 18, 2006). "Lebanon opposition demands early elections". Retrieved December 18, 2006. ^ The full text of Nasrallah`s speech on the invitation to participate in an open sit-in in Beirut ^ Ghattas, Kim (2006-12-01). "Political ferment in Lebanon". BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-08-15. ^ "Hezbollah takes over west Beirut". BBC news. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. ^ "Lebanon tensions rise in clash with Hezbollah". Haaretz. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. ^ "Lebanese army moves into W. Beirut after Hezbollah takeover". Haaretz. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. ^ "Hezbollah Pledges Pullout From Beirut as Army Makes Concession". Bloomberg. Retrieved on 2008-10-05. ^ "Hezbollah to Withdraw Gunmen in Lebanon". New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-10-05. ^ "Lebanese leaders 'expect to elect a president' in 24 hours". France 24. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. ^ National unity government ^ US Department of State (1999-10-08). "Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations". Retrieved on 2007-02-05. ^ Canada Gazette (2003-02-12). "Canada Gazette Vol. 137, no 1". Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ United Nations Security Council (2004-09-02). "Resolution 1559 (2004)". Retrieved on 2007-05-01. “3. Calls for the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non- Lebanese militias” ^ Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (Israeli) (2005-09-07). "Hezbollah has no intention to disarm". Retrieved on 2007-05-01. ^ "Hezbollah: Hezbollah and the Recent Conflict." ADL. 29 September 2006. 26 June 2007. ^ "Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion" (September-October 2006). Retrieved on 2007-10-08. ^ Ha'aretz 14 August 2008, UN: We've cleared half the cluster bombs Israel dropped on Lebanon By Shlomo Shamir ^ a b c d e Hezbollah CFR. org Staff, the US Council on Foreign Relations, 2006-07-17 ^ a b Hezbollah Attacks Since May 2000 Mitchell Bard, the Jewish AIJAC, 2006-07-24 ^ a b c d Terrorism - In the Spotlight: Hezbollah (Party of God) Michael Donovan, Center for Defense Information cdi.org, 2002-02-25 ^ "... eight were Islamic fundamentalists. Twenty-seven were Communists and Socialists. Three were Christians. The American Conservative, July 18, 2005. Verified 22nd June 2008. ^ Sites, Kevin (Scripps Howard News Services). "Hezbollah denies terrorist ties, increases role in government" 2006-01-15 ^ "Frontline: Target America: Terrorist attacks on Americans, 1979-1988", PBS News, 2001. Accessed 4 February 2007 ^ Hezbollah again denies involvement in deadly Buenos Aires bombing BEIRUT, March 19 (AFP) ^ a b "Timeline of Hezbollah Violence." CAMERA: Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. 17 July 2006. 18 November 2006. Later reprinted in On Campus magazine's Fall 2006 issue and attributed the article to author Gilead Ini. ^ H.E. Sayyed Nasrallah Speech in Full: History will mark martyr Moghnieh blood as the start of the fall of "Israel" ^ UN. ^ See: "2000: Hezbollah celebrates Israeli retreat". BBC News (2000-05-26). Retrieved on 2006-07-25. "Hezbollah flag raised as Israeli troops withdraw from southern Lebanon". CNN (2000-05-24). Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ "ISRAEL/LEBANON, Unlawful Killings During Operation "Grapes of Wrath"". BBC News (1996-07-24). Retrieved on 2007-10-24. ^ "History of Israel's role in Lebanon". BBC News (1998-04-01). Retrieved on 2007-10-24. ^ "Operation Grapes of Wrath". ynetnews (2006-08-01). Retrieved on 2007-10-24. ^ "Israelis Held by the Hizbullah - Oct 2000-Jan 2004". mfa.gov.il. ^ "Israel, Hezbollah swap prisoners". CNN. ^ Rothfeld, Michael. "War touches raw nerve for grieving parents." Newsday.com. 9 August 2006. 21 February 2008. ^ Gutman, Matthew. "Prisoner swap due to go ahead today." ProQuest Archiver. 21 February 2008 ^ Stevn, Yoav and Eli Ashkenazi. "New film leaves parents in the dark on sons' fate during kidnap." Haaretz Daily Newspaper. 6 September 2006. 28 February 2008. ^ "Israel, Hezbollah swap prisoners." CNN.com International. 29 January 2004. 20 February 2008. ^ Myre, Greg; Steven Erlanger (2006-07-13). "Israelis Enter Lebanon After Attacks", New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-01-09. ^ The Independent - Israel widens bombing campaign as Lebanese militia groups retaliate ^ New York Times via the International Herald Tribune (July 12, 2006). "Clashes spread to Lebanon as Hezbollah raids Israel". Retrieved August 16, 2007. ^ "Israel planned for Lebanon war months in advance, PM says", Guardian (2007-03-09). Retrieved on 2008-01-12. ^ a b July 18th - - Agence France Presse - Analysis: Hezbollah a force to be reckoned with ^ "Missiles neutralizing Israeli tanks". Associated Press (2007-03-18). ^ Weitz, Paul (2006-08-12). "Hezbollah, Already a Capable Military Force, Makes Full Use of Civilian Shields and Media Manipulation", JINSA Online. Retrieved on 2008-01-09. ^ "Hezbollah Reportedly Acquires SA-18 SAMs". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin (April 2003). ^ Hezbollah missile threat assessed ^ Hezbollah Operations from the Israeli-Lebanese Border Since the Israeli Withdrawal from Lebanon ^ Timeline of Hezbollah operations ^ a b Wright, Robin. "Inside the Mind of Hezbollah", The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2006-08-01. ^ Hezbollah's condemnation of murder of civilians in Egypt and Algeria is described in Saad-Ghorayeb, p. 101. ^ Usher, Sebastian. "Muted Arab reaction to Berg beheading", BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-07-27. ^ Larry Luxner (2006-03-04). "AMIA Probe Was Botched: Argentina". The Jewish Week. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. ^ a b "Argentine prosecutors: Arrest former Iranian president." Jerusalem Post, 2006-10-26, "Prosecutor Alberto Nisman told a news conference that the decision to attack the center 'was undertaken in 1993 by the highest authorities of the then-government of Iran.' He said the actual attack was entrusted to the Lebanon-based group Hezbollah." ^ Did A Dead Man Tell No Tales? - Printout - TIME ^ Abduction of Sheikh Obeid, Security Council Resolution 638 ^ "Hezbollah's most wanted commander killed in Syria bomb", Reuters (February 13, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-12. ^ a b Elise Labott and Henry Schuster (2006). "Lebanese media outlets' assets blocked". cnn.com. ^ "Terrorist Television Hezbollah has a worldwide reach", National Review Online (December 22, 2004). Retrieved on 2007-03-31. ^ a b c Avi Jorisch (Winter 2004). "Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7". Middle East Quarterly. Retrieved on 2006-09-03. ^ "Al-Manar Television". Retrieved on 2007-03-27. ^ "[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/jorisch200412220812.asp Terrorist Television Hezbollah has a worldwide reach]", National Review Online (December 22, 2004). Retrieved on 2006-08-22. ^ "Al-Manar and the War in Iraq", Middle East Intelligence Bulliten. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. ^ Full Text of the decision (in French) ^ Press Release(in French) ^ France pulls plug on Arab network ^ Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State (December 14, 2004). "United States Adds Al-Manar TV Network to Terrorism List". Retrieved February 28, 2007. ^ Roee Nahmias (31 August 2006). "Hizbullah presents". ynetnews.com. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. ^ Video Game at ^ Emdad committee for Islamic Charity ^ Al Jarha Association ^ Jehad Al Benaa Developmental Association ^ Sachs, Susan. The New York Times. Helping Hand of Hezbollah Emerging in South Lebanon. March 30, 2000. ^ JoMarie Fecci, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: Despite End of Lebanon’s Long Civil War, Low-Level Conflict Continues Around Israeli-Occupied Zone' ^ a b Edward Cody and Molly Moore (2006-08-14). "The Best Guerrilla Force in the World". The Washington Post. ^ a b CNN (2006-07-25). "Hezbollah's secret weapon". Retrieved on 2006-07-25. ^ Jackson Allers (September 12, 2006). "Hezbollah Ahead of Govt Again". ipsnews.net. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. ^ Washington Post, December 20, 2004 Lebanese Wary of a Rising Hezbollah Accessed August 8, 2006 ^ "Hezbollah's Global Finance Network: The Triple Frontier" (January 2002). Retrieved on 2006-08-07. ^ Hezbollah's Global Finance Network: The Triple Frontier ^ Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism, The Washington Post ^ Halliday, Fred. "A Lebanese fragment: two days with Hizbollah." openDemocracy. 20 July 2006. 17 February 2007. ^ Gambill, Gary. "Syria and Hezbollah: A Loveless Alliance." Mideast Monitor. 4 March 2005. 17 February 2007. Originally published in The National Post (Toronto). ^ "Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah: The Current Conflict" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress (July 21, 2006). Retrieved on 8 September 2006. ^ a b c Tehran, Washington, And Terror: No Agreement To Differ by A. W. Samii, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 6, No. 3, September 2002 - citing Al-Majallah, March 24-March 30, 2002 and Al-Watan March 19, 2002 ^ Stinson, Jeffrey. "Minister: Hezbollah doesn't need al-Qaeda's help fighting Israel in Lebanon." USATODAY.com. 28 July 2006. 17 February 2006. ^ BBC News (2006-06-02). "'Zarqawi tape' urges Sunni unrest". Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ Jerusalem Post, August 5, 2006 Saudi religious leader blasts Hizbullah Accessed August 6, 2006 ^ Nimir, Suleiman. "Middle East Online." 4 August 2006. 17 February 2007. ^ CBS News (2002-07-26). "Terrorism Alliance?". Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ Mike Boettcher, Henry Schuster (2003-08-13). "New terror alliance suspected in Iraq", CNN World News. Retrieved on 2006-07-26. ^ Blanford, Nicholas (2006-07-28). "Israeli strikes may boost Hizbullah base". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on 2006-07-29. ^ "Poll finds support for Hizbullah's retaliation". Beirut Center For Research & Information (2006-07-29). Retrieved on 2006-08-08. ^ "Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Hezbollah’s Disarmament Pondered In Lebanon". Angus Reid Global Monitor (2005-04-25). Retrieved on 2007-10-27. “Source: Zogby International / Information International / The Arab American Institute” ^ "Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Palestinians Hold Hezbollah in High Regard". Angus Reid Global Monitor (2006-07-29). Retrieved on 2007-10-28. “Source: An-Najah National University” ^ "Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Hamas, Hezbollah Legitimate for Jordanians". Angus Reid Global Monitor (2006-07-14). Retrieved on 2007-10-28. “Source: Centre for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan” ^ "Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Jordanians Review Legitimacy of Specific Groups". Angus Reid Global Monitor (2006-01-11). Retrieved on 2007-10-28. “Source: Centre for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan” ^ a b c "Israel/Palestinians." PollingReport.com. 10 December 2006. ^ a b Hizbullah: Views and Concepts ^ Statement of purpose ^ "Hizballah External Security Organisation Relisted". Australian National Security (2005-07-18). Retrieved on 2006-08-21. ^ See: "Reference list". Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. "Listed entities pursuant to the Anti-Terrorism Act (2001, c. 41)". Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada (PSEPC), Government of Canada. Retrieved on 2006-07-16. ^ "Summary of Terrorist Activity 2004". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2005-01-05). Retrieved on 2006-07-15. ^ ": A Pragmatic Terror Organization of Global Reach - A Snapshot (February, 2005)". the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) (2005-02). Retrieved on 2007-03-27. ^ "beantwoording_toezegging_inzake_de_positie_van_hezbollah" (website) 1. The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved on 2006-10-11. ^ "Annual Report 2004" (PDF). Netherlands General intelligence and security service. ^ Quick guide: Hezbollah BBC news, 2006-08-22 ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)". United States Department of State (2005-10-11). Retrieved on 2006-07-16. "Current List of Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations ... 14. Hizballah (Party of God)". ^ Lamb, Franklin. "Why is Hezbollah on the Terrorism List?". Retrieved on 2008-05-04. ^ "Ross: Hizbullah's resistance of Israel is not terrorism". arabicnews.com (2002-03-23). Retrieved on 2007-10-29. “In a statement to the Kuwaiti daily al-Rai al-Am issued on Friday, Ross said: ... "we are obliged to describe this organization by putting it in the American lists as a terrorist."” ^ redirect ^ a b "COUNCIL DECISION of 21 December 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC(2005/930/EC)" (PDF), Official Journal of the European Union. ^ a b "COUNCIL COMMON POSITION 2005/847/CFSP" (PDF) (29 November 2005). ^ "The EU's relations with Lebanon" (December 2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-19. ^ a b c ISN Security Watch (March 11, 2005). "EU lawmakers label Hezbollah 'terrorist’ group". Retrieved March 3, 2007. ^ "Hezbollah not on Russia's "terrorist" list", Associated Press. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. "Sapunov told Rossiiskaya Gazeta the list of 17 "includes only those organizations which represent the greatest threat to the security of our country." Groups linked to separatist militants in Chechnya and Islamic radicals in Central Asia made the list." ^ Haaretz Service and News Agencies (2006-07-15). "Russian defense minister says Hezbollah uses 'terrorist methods' - Haaretz - Israel News". Retrieved on 2007-10-27. ^ United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee Portal Accessed 7 August 2006 ^ Katie Fretland (14 September 2006). "Amnesty: Hezbollah committed war crimes against Israel". TheGlobeandMail.com/AP. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. ^ French PM lashes Hezbollah 'terrorism' ^ D'Alema: The end of unilateralism, UN back in the lead ^ Italian FM: Hezbollah, Hamas are not al-Qaida ^ Germany’s Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy Congressional Research Service (January 19, 2007) ^ CIVILIAN PAWNS, Laws of War Violations and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border ^ ISRAEL/LEBANON "OPERATION GRAPES OF WRATH" ^ Hezbollah's Apocalypse Now ^ Thisreen (Syrian newspaper) June 21, 1999, reprinted by MEMRI Secretary General of Hizbullah Discusses the New Israeli Government and Hizbullah’s Struggle Against Israel Accessed July 30, 2006 ^ The Jerusalem Post (2006-07-17). "Arab world fed up with Hizbullah". Retrieved on 2006-08-17. ^ Nafez Qawas, The Daily Star (August 6, 2008). "Berri summons Parliament to vote on policy statement" Retrieved August 6, 2008. References Books Joseph Alagha (2006). The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9053569103. Tom Diaz, Barbara Newman (2005). Lightning Out of Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American Soil. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-345-47568-2. Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh (2004). In The Path Of Hizbullah. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3053-0. Judith Palmer Harik (2006). Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-845-110242. Hala Jaber (1997). Hezbollah. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10834-6. Avi Jorisch (2004). Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballahs Al-Manar Television. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. ISBN 0-944029-88-4. Augustus Richard Norton (2000). Hizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics. Council on Foreign Relations.. Augustus Richard Norton (2007). Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13124-5. Qassem, Naim (2005). Hizbullah: The Story from Within. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0863565175. Magnus Ranstorp (1996). Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-16491-2. Amal Saad-Ghorayeb (2001). Hizbullah: Politics and Religion. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1793-6. Jamal Sankari (2005). Fadlallah: The Making of a Radical Shi'ite Leader. Saqi Books. ISBN 0-86356-596-4. Articles Adam Shatz (2004-04-29). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. (copy) Dahr Jamail (2006-07-20). "Hezbollah's transformation". Asia Times. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. "Lebanon: Angus Reid Global Monitor". Angus Reid Global Monitor (2005). Retrieved on 2007-10-27. (full election results report) External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Hezbollah Official sites Islamic Resistance in Lebanon Official Website Islamic Resistance in Lebanon Promise For the Resistance Movement Support Al-Manar TV Al-Nour radio Hizbullah - the Party of God - List of links to official websites and documents UN resolutions regarding Hezbollah UN Press Release SC/8181 UN, September 2, 2004 Lebanon: Close Security Council vote backs free elections, urges foreign troop pullout UN, September 2, 2004 Wikisource:UN Security Council Resolution 1391 Wikisource:UN Security Council Resolution 1496 Wikisource:UN Security Council Resolution 1559 Wikisource:UN Security Council Resolution 1583 United States Department of State Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations, released by the Office of Counterterrorism, October 8, 1999. Other links Hizballah: A Primer Backgrounder > Hezbollah, Council on Foreign Relations Hizbullah - the 'Party of God' Ynetnews Hezbollah: Financing Terror through Criminal Enterprise, Testimony of Matthew Levitt, Hearing of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate Who are Hezbollah? - BBC News Online Hizbullah's two republics by Mohammed Ben Jelloun, Al-Ahram, February 15-21, 2007 Hezbollah in Profile, Parliament of Australia (PDF version) Inside Hezbollah, short documentary and extensive information from Frontline/World on PBS. An Open Letter: The Hezbollah Program - Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto translated into English. Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion Mideast monitor Lebanon’s Hizbullah—Conventional Political Party or Terrorist Group?(Organizational Chart of Lebanon’s Hizbullah) v • d • e Parliamentary political blocs in Lebanon March 14 Alliance Future Movement - Progressive Socialist Party - Lebanese Forces - Democratic Renewal Movement - Qornet Shehwan Gathering (Kataeb Party, National Liberal Party, Independence Movement) - Democratic Left - Tripoli Bloc - Lebanese National Bloc the Opposition Amal Movement - Hezbollah - Syrian Social Nationalist Party - Baath Arab Socialist Party - Lebanese Communist Party - Free Patriotic Movement - Skaff Bloc - Marada Movement - People's Movement Portal:Politics - List of political parties - Politics of Lebanon v • d • e Arab-Israeli conflict v • d • e Participants in the Arab-Israeli conflict Governments Egypt • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Lebanon • Palestinian National Authority • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Yemen Active organizations Amal • al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades • Arab League • Arab Liberation Front • Ba'ath Party • Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Fatah • Guardians of the Cedars • Hamas • Hezbollah • Jaish al-Islam • Kataeb • Lebanese Forces • Palestinian Islamic Jihad • Palestine Liberation Front • Palestine Liberation Organisation • Palestinian Popular Struggle Front • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command • Popular Resistance Committees • as-Saiqa Former South Lebanon Army • Arab Higher Committee • Arab Liberation Army • Holy War Army • Irgun (Etzel) • Lehi • Black Hand • Black September • Mandate of Palestine Other Governments Iran • Norway • Turkey • Russia • United Kingdom • United States Other Organizations European Union • United Nations Former States Soviet Union • United Arab Republic v • d • e Arab-Israeli conflict individual participants Lester B. Pearson • Abd al-Hakim Amer • Hosni Mubarak • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Anwar Sadat • Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Ali Khamenei • Ruhollah Khomeini • Faisal I • Saddam Hussein • Ehud Barak • Menachem Begin • David Ben-Gurion • Moshe Dayan • Levi Eshkol • Golda Meir • Benjamin Netanyahu • Ehud Olmert • Shimon Peres • Yitzhak Rabin • Yitzhak Shamir • Ariel Sharon • Chaim Weizmann • King Abdullah I • King Abdullah II • King Hussein • Emile Lahoud • Hassan Nasrallah • Fouad Siniora • Mona Juul • Johan Jørgen Holst • Terje Rød-Larsen • Mahmoud Abbas • Yasser Arafat • Marwan Barghouti • George Habash • Ismail Haniya • Amin al-Husayni • Khaled Mashal • Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi • Ahmed Shukeiri • Ahmed Yassin • King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) • King Abdullah • King Fahd • King Faisal • Folke Bernadotte • Hafez al-Assad • Bashar al-Assad • Shukri al-Quwatli • Salah Jadid • Ernest Bevin • Arthur Balfour • Tony Blair • Richard Crossman • Madeleine Albright • Ralph Bunche • George H. W. Bush • George W. Bush • Jimmy Carter • Bill Clinton • Henry Kissinger • Ronald Reagan • Condoleezza Rice • Dennis Ross • Harry S. Truman • Cyrus R. Vance v • d • e Arab-Israeli conflict engagements 1920 Palestine riots • 1921 Jaffa riots • 1929 Palestine riots • 1936–1939 Arab revolt • 1947 Jerusalem riots • 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandate Palestine • 1948 Arab-Israeli War • 1950s terrorism against Israel • 1953 Qibya massacre • 1956 Suez Crisis • 1966 Samu Incident • 1967 Six-Day War • 1968–1970 War of Attrition • 1972 Munich Olympics massacre • 1972 Operation Wrath of God • 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon • 1973 Yom Kippur War • 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War • 1976 Operation Entebbe • 1978 South Lebanon conflict • 1981 Operation Opera • 1982 Lebanon War • 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict • 1985 Operation Wooden Leg • 1987–1990 First Intifada • 1991 Gulf War • 1993 Operation Accountability • 1993-present Palestinian suicide attacks • 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath • 2000–present Al-Aqsa Intifada • 2002 Operation Defensive Shield • 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike • 2004 Operation Rainbow • 2004 Operation Days of Penitence • 2006 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict • 2006 Lebanon War • 2007 2007–2008 Israel-Gaza conflict • Operation Orchard v • d • e Diplomacy and Peace proposals in the Arab-Israeli conflict Damascus Protocol • Hussein-McMahon Correspondence • Sykes-Picot Agreement • 1917 Balfour Declaration • Declaration to the Seven • Anglo-French Declaration • 1919 Faisal-Weizmann Agreement • 1920 San Remo conference • 1922 Churchill White Paper • 1939 White Paper • 1947 UN Partition Plan • 1948 Establishment of Israel • 1948 UNGA Resolution 194 • 1949 Armistice Agreements • 1964 Palestinian National Covenant • 1967 Khartoum Resolution • 1967 UNSC Resolution 242 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 339 • 1974 UNSC Resolution 350 • 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 • 1978 Camp David Accords • 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 • 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty • 1979 UNSC Resolution 452 • 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 • 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 • 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement • 1991 Madrid Conference • 1993 Oslo Accords • 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace • 1998 Wye River Memorandum • 2000 Camp David Summit • 2001 Taba Summit • 2001 UNSC Resolution 1373 • 2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative • 2002 Road map for peace • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1566 • 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 • 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit • 2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan • 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document • 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 • 2007 Annapolis Conference Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" Categories: Political parties established in 1982 | Hezbollah | Islam and antisemitism | Israel-Lebanon conflict | Anti-Zionism | Islamist groups | Shiite organizations | Political parties in Lebanon | Terrorism in Lebanon | Islamic terrorism | National liberation movementsHidden categories: Semi-protected | NPOV disputes from August 2008 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since August 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2008 Views Article Discussion View source History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Bân-lâm-gú Bosanski Brezhoneg Български Català Чăвашла Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) پښتو Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 This page was last modified on 4 September 2008, at 07:11. 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Hezbollah says it shot helicopter
2008-09-06 00:00:03 GMT
Hezbollah has admitted that it shot at a Lebanese UH-1 helicopter last week which resulted in one fatal casualty. The leader of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, said the shooting was a mistake. A Hezbollah fighter opened fire after being taken by surprise when the aircraft landed nearby.
http://www.alert5.com/2008/09/hezbollah-says-it-shot-helicopter.html
Sara with an H..
2008-09-05 23:46:42 GMT
LOL.. As Christy noted, it appears that the McSame campaign has concluded that Sarah Palin needs a little help with foreign policy ... talk about Hezbollah. Sarah: Oh, I think your wife is just lovely. Lieberman: No, no, no. Not Hadassah -- Hezbollah. Sarah: Sorry! Is she your daughter? Lieberman: Let's move on. Do you want
http://forum.turfnsport.com/backstretch/34923-sara-h.html
Sarkozy in Syria
2008-09-05 22:17:54 GMT
An Israeli partner is needed 05/09/2008 By Haaretz Editorial Yesterday's four-way summit in Damascus was one of this region's most important ... for the international community's demand that Hezbollah be disarmed. But this time Israel cannot be angry
http://joshualandis.com/blog/?p=859
We Fatima rainey that Jesus Christ is truly the head the Chief
2008-09-05 22:07:02 GMT
We Fatima rainey that Jesus Christ is truly the head the Chief September 5th, 2008 by firdaus Are You Gonna Go My Lenny Kravitz. By Yoni Haviv NAHARIYA, Israel, July Reuters Thousands attended Israeli funerals on Thursday for two slain soldiers returned in a prisoner swap with Hezbollah and their grief contrasted
http://blueparkfor.megablogs.org/2008/09/05/we-fatima-rainey-that-jesus-christ-is-truly-the-head-the-chief/
PC Hardware: How Ego Can Cost Your Clients
2008-09-05 21:56:06 GMT
PC Hardware: How Ego Can Cost Your Clients September 5th, 2008 by otosblog1051 You’ll find that clients are sometimes just like children. They want to biggest, shiniest toy even though it may not be good for them. Your job as the virtual CIO is to make sure that they spend their money wisely and well. What Does Your Client Really Need?
http://otosblog1051.tasdac.org/2008/09/05/pc-hardware-how-ego-can-cost-your-clients/
March 14? February 14?
2008-09-05 21:53:42 GMT
Don’t you just love it when the March 8 group calls the March 14 block February 14 instead? It’s hilarious! I remember it started in early 2006 when Hezbollah decided they would incorrectly call them ... by a name they do not themselves use. Its like calling Hezbollah by another name, like for example
http://lebreview.wordpress.com/2008/09/05/march-14-february-14/
Alert me when Focal nodular hyperplasia match as these words.
2008-09-05 21:53:19 GMT
Alert me when Focal nodular hyperplasia match as these words. September 5th, 2008 Pakistan Suicide bombing in capital raises concerns about. Seeing as the last UTI test for the pressure was negative. CME Test opens in a new window. Hezbollah piles pressure on Lebanese government. By John Nevada worker compensation, Political
http://newkingout.fetischluder.com/2008/09/05/alert-me-when-focal-nodular-hyperplasia-match-as-these-words/
Aimless In Damascus
2008-09-05 21:36:16 GMT
Aimless In Damascus Eric Trager - 09.05.2008 - 5:36 PM On Thursday, ... s sovereignty and independence,” Hezbollah – which has often used Syrian support to hold Lebanon hostage ... al-Manar, Hezbollah hailed Sarkozy’s visit to Damascus as a “historic turn” that “asserts
http://www.commentarymagazine.com/blogs/index.php/trager/27951
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